PAST PARTICIPLES

What is a past participle?

A past participle indicates past or completed action or time. It is often called the 'ed' form as it is formed by adding d or ed, to the base form of regular verbs, however it is also formed in various other ways for irregular verbs.
It can be used to form a verb phrase as part of the present perfect tense.
For example:-
I have learnt English. (Learnt is part of the verb phrase 'have learnt')
It can be used to form the passive voice.
For example:-
Her hair was well brushed.
It can also be used as an adjective.

The past participle and the present perfect

Both Spanish and English have perfect tenses that are used to refer to past actions/events/conditions. Both languages use an auxiliary verb (haber in Spanish, to have in English) and a past participle. In English, past

participles are often formed with the endings -ed and -en, for example finished, eaten. You will learn more about Spanish past participles below.

All past participles of -ar verbs end in -ado while past participles of –er and -ir verbs generally end in -ido. If the stem of an -er or -ir verb ends in a vowel, use a written accent on the i of -ido (leer  leído).

Form the present perfect of the indicative by using the present tense of haber as an auxiliary verb with the past participle of the main verb. Tener is never used as the auxiliary verb to form the perfect tense.

Han trabajado mucho para They have worked a lot to...

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/structures/past_participle.htm

http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/irregular_verbs/crossword_6_7.htm

PAST PARTICIPLE

The past participle will be important in future lessons covering the perfect tenses. To form the past participle, simply drop the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and add -ado (for -ar verbs) or -ido (for -er, -ir verbs).

hablar - ar + ado = hablado

comer - er + ido = comido

vivir - ir + ido = vivido

The following common verbs have irregular past participles:

abrir (to open) - abierto (open)

cubrir (to cover) - cubierto (covered)

decir (to say) - dicho (said)

escribir (to write) - escrito (written)

freír (to fry) - frito (fried)

hacer (to do) - hecho (done)

morir (to die) - muerto (dead)

poner (to put) - puesto (put)

resolver (to resolve) - resuelto (resolved)

romper (to break) - roto (broken)

ver (to see) - visto (seen)

volver (to return) - vuelto (returned)

Note that compound verbs based on the irregular verbs inherit the same irregularities. Here are a few examples:

componer - compuesto
describir - descrito
devolver - devuelto

Most past participles can be used as adjectives. Like other adjectives, they agree in gender and number with the nouns that they modify.

La puerta está cerrada.
The door is closed.

Las puertas están cerradas.
The doors are closed.

El restaurante está abierto.
The restaurant is open.

Los restaurantes están abiertos.
The restaurants are open.

The past participle can be combined with the verb "ser" to express the passive voice. Use this construction when an action is being described, and introduce the doer of the action with the word "por."

La casa fue construida por los carpinteros.
The house was built by the carpenters.

La tienda es abierta todos los días por el dueño.
The store is opened every day by the owner.

Note that for -er and -ir verbs, if the stem ends in a vowel, a written accent will be required.

creer - creído
oír - oído

Note: this rule does not apply, and no written accent is required for verbs ending in -uir. (construir, seguir, influir, distinguir, etc.)

Let's add two more flashcards for the past participles, since they will later be used for the perfect tenses